001) ইহুদী জাতির সংক্ষিপ্ত ইতিহাস :
ইহুদী জাতির ইতিহাস দশ পর্যায়ে বিভক্ত ....
১. হযরত মূসা (আ.) ও ইউশা (আ.)-এর যুগ ( খ্রি.পূ. ১২৭০-১১৩০)
২. বিচারকদের যুগ (খ্রি.পূ. ১১১০-১০২৫)
৩. হযরত দাউদ ও হযরত সুলাইমান (আ.)-এর যুগ (খ্রি.পূ. ১০২৫-৯৩১)
৪. অভ্যন্তরীণ বিভক্তি ও দ্বন্দ্ব-সংঘাতের যুগ (খ্রি.পূ. ৯০১-৮৫৯)
৫. আশুরীয়দের আধিপত্য ও কর্তৃত্বের যুগ (খ্রি.পূ. ৮৫৯-৬১১)
৬. ব্যাবিলনীয়দের কর্তৃত্ব ও আধিপত্যের যুগ (খ্রি.পূ. ৫৯৭-৬১১)
৭. ইরানীদের আধিপত্য ও কর্তৃত্বের যুগ (খ্রি. পূ. ৫৩৯-৩৩১)
৮. গ্রীকদের আধিপত্য ও কর্তৃত্বের যুগ (খ্রি.পূ. ৩৩১-৬৪)
৯. রোমীয়দের আধিপত্য ও কর্তৃত্বের যুগ (খ্রি.পূ. ৬৪-৬১৮ খ্রি.)
১০. ইসলাম ও মুসলমানদের শাসন কর্তৃত্বের যুগ (খ্রি. ৬১৮-১৯২৫)
002) Time periods in Jewish history:
A) The history of the Jews and Judaism can be divided into five periods: (1) ancient Israel before Judaism, from the beginnings to 586 BCE; (2) the beginning of Judaism in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE;[clarification needed] (3) the formation of rabbinic Judaism after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE; (4) the age of rabbinic Judaism, from the ascension of Christianity to political power under the emperor Constantine the Great in 312 CE to the end of the political hegemony of Christianity in the 18th century; and (5), the age of diverse Judaisms, from the French and American Revolutions to the present.
003) Rabbinic Judaism .... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism
A) Rabbinic Judaism also called Rabbinism, Rabbinicism, or Judaism espoused by the Rabbanites, has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Babylonian Talmud.
B) At first, it was forbidden to write down the Oral Torah because the rabbis feared that it would become rigid and lose its flexibility, but after the destruction of the Second Temple, they decided to write it down in the Talmud and other rabbinic texts
C) The decline of Hellenistic Judaism is obscure. It may be that it was marginalized by, absorbed into or became Early Christianity (see the Gospel according to the Hebrews).
D) Jewish messianism has its root in the apocalyptic literature of the 2nd to 1st centuries BCE, promising a future "anointed" leader or Messiah to resurrect the Israelite "Kingdom of God", in place of the foreign rulers of the time.
E) Before the destruction of the Second Temple, Judaism was divided into antagonistic factions. The main camps were the Pharisees, Saducees, and Zealots, but also included other less influential sects. The 1st century BCE and 1st century CE saw a number of charismatic religious leaders, contributing to what would become the Mishnah of Rabbinic Judaism, including Yochanan ben Zakai and Hanina Ben Dosa.
F) In 132, the Emperor Hadrian threatened to rebuild Jerusalem as a pagan city dedicated to Jupiter, called Aelia Capitolina. Some of the leading sages of the Sanhedrin supported a rebellion (and, for a short time, an independent state) led by Simon bar Kozeba
G) This revolt ended in 135 when Bar Kokhba and his army were defeated. The Romans then barred Jews from Jerusalem, until Constantine allowed Jews to enter for one day each year, during the holiday of Tisha B'Av.[9]
H) The destruction of the Second Temple brought about a dramatic change in Judaism. Rabbinic Judaism built upon Jewish tradition while adjusting to new realities. Temple ritual was replaced with prayer service in synagogues which built upon practices of Jews in the diaspora dating back to the Babylonian exile.
I) The Oral Torah includes rules intended to prevent violations of the laws of the Torah and Talmud, sometimes referred to as "a fence around the Torah".
J) Much rabbinic Jewish literature concerns specifying what behavior is sanctioned by the law; this body of interpretations is called halakha (the way).
K) The rabbis of the Mishnah are known as Tannaim (sing. Tanna תנא). The rabbis of the Gemara are referred to as Amoraim (sing. Amora אמורא).
L) Orthodox Judaism does not accept the scholarly view that Rabbinic Judaism came into being in the post-Second Temple era.
A) Early Christians were persecuted at the hands of both Jews, from whose religion Christianity arose, and the Romans who controlled many of the early centers of Christianity in the Roman Empire.
B) Since the emergence of Christian states in Late Antiquity, Christians have also been persecuted by other Christians due to differences in doctrine which have been declared heretical.
C) Early in the fourth century, the empire's official persecutions were ended by the Edict of Serdica in 311 and the practice of Christianity legalized by the Edict of Milan in 312.
D) By the year 380, Christians had begun to persecute each other. The schisms of late antiquity and the Middle Ages – including the Rome–Constantinople schisms and the many Christological controversies – together with the later Protestant Reformation provoked severe conflicts between Christian denominations.
E) In the 20th century, Christian populations were persecuted, sometimes, they were persecuted to the point of genocide, by various states, including the Ottoman Empire and its successor state, which committed the Hamidian massacres, the Armenian genocide, the Assyrian genocide, and the Greek genocide, and officially atheist states such as the former Soviet Union, Communist Albania, China, and North Korea.
005) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen ...
A) Stephen ( c. 5 – c. 34 AD) is traditionally venerated as the protomartyr or first martyr of Christianity.
B) According to the Acts of the Apostles, he was a deacon in the early Church at Jerusalem who angered members of various synagogues by his teachings. Accused of blasphemy at his trial, he made a speech denouncing the Jewish authorities who were sitting in judgment on him[2] and was then stoned to death.
C) Saul of Tarsus, later known as Paul, a Pharisee and Roman citizen who would later become a Christian apostle, participated in Stephen's martyrdom.
006) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle
A) Paul[a] (also named Saul of Tarsus;[b] c. 5 – c. 64/65 AD), commonly known as Paul the Apostle[7] and Saint Paul,[8] was a Christian apostle who spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world.
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